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1. Drinking Water and Water Quality Safety Trace heavy metal monitoring Lead/cadmium detection: The detection limit of graphite furnace AAS (GFAAS) is 0.1-1 g/L, which meets the strict requirements of the national standard GB 5749-2022 for lead ( 0.01 mg/L) and cadmium ( 0.005 mg/L) in drinking water; FAAS is used for screening high concentration industrial wastewater (such as electroplating wastewater with copper concentration 0.5 mg/L). Arsenic/mercury detection: The HG-AAS combined technology converts arsenic into volatile hydrides, increasing sensitivity by 10 times and achieving a detection limit of ppb level. Traceability of heavy metals in water bodies By analyzing the cumulative concentrations of lead and chromium in sediment using AAS (such as lead>80 mg/kg indicating severe pollution), combined with geographic information systems to locate pollution sources. 2 Food Safety and Packaging Migration Grain and agricultural products Rice cadmium pollution: GFAAS detection of trace cadmium residues (national standard limit 0.2 mg/kg), pre-treatment using nitric acid hydrogen peroxide microwave digestion. Seafood Mercury Risk: Cold Vapor AAS (CV-AAS) specializes in methylmercury in fish, with a detection limit of 0.001 mg/kg. Food contact materials Manganese migration in stainless steel cookware: After soaking in simulated acidic food, GFAAS was used to determine the manganese leaching amount (limit 2 mg/kg). Lead leaching from the inner wall of canned food: The sensitivity of graphite furnace method reaches 0.5 g/kg, which complies with GB 4806.9-2016. 3 Industrial Materials and Environmental Assessment Industrial product quality inspection Lead content in toy coatings: FAAS rapid screening for paint lead (EU EN 71-3 limit 90 ppm). Impurity control of battery materials: GFAAS determination of trace amounts of cadmium and lead (required to be<1 ppm) in lithium positive electrode materials (such as nickel cobalt manganese ternary). Soil pollution remediation Heavy metals in mining soil: Total digestion (HF-HNO3 – HClO ?) combined with GFAAS analysis for copper, zinc, and arsenic, and DTPA leaching AAS detection for available metals (HJ/T 345-2007).