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1. Potentiometric titration method Pharmaceutical industry: Determination of active ingredient content (such as vitamin C), purity, and stability testing of drugs. Environmental monitoring: quantitative analysis of chloride ions, hardness (Ca 2 ?/Mg 2 ?), and acidity/alkalinity in water quality. Food quality control: determination of edible oleic acid value, peroxide value, and salinity in soy sauce. Petrochemical industry: detection of sulfur content or acid value in oil products. 2. Biomedical: Analysis of drug components (such as antibiotic purity) and identification of metabolites; Separation and purification of proteins and peptides. Food safety: testing of additives (sweeteners, preservatives) and pigments (lemon yellow, carmine); Analysis of pesticide residues (carbendazim) and mycotoxins (aflatoxin). Environmental Science: Trace detection of organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, herbicides) in water bodies. Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Establishment of effective ingredient fingerprint (such as baicalin). 3. Gas Chromatography (GC) Environmental monitoring: detection of benzene derivatives (benzene, toluene), halogenated hydrocarbons (chloroform), and aldehyde ketone pollutants in landfill gas; Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. Petrochemical industry: analysis of crude oil composition, separation of low-carbon hydrocarbons (C1 to C5) in refinery gas. Food and material science: essence, spice ingredients, pesticide residues (organic phosphorus); Determination of methanol content in papermaking black liquor. Clinical and Forensic Medicine: Detection of Ethanol and Anesthetic Concentrations in Blood.